慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease，CKD）已成为全球性的公共卫生问题。“肾脏病预后质量倡议（Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative，KDOQI）”和“改善全球肾脏病预后组织（Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes，KDIGO）”工作组先后制定了CKD 临床实践指南。为提高我国CKD防治水平，在参考国外指南基础上，结合中国特点，我们组织上海市肾脏病专家制定了《CKD筛查 诊断及防治指南》，并于2017年发表。该指南对各级全科医师和肾脏病专科医师均有参考价值，有力推动了对CKD的认识和提高了对CKD的管理水平。近年来CKD 研究又取得了很多重大进展，基于临床证据的积累及各种新药的问世，上海市肾内科临床质量控制中心专家组对2017年版《CKD筛查 诊断及防治指南》进行了更新和修订，内容主要包括CKD筛查的对象和方式、进展的评估及防治等方面。

糖尿病肾脏疾病（diabetic kidney disease，DKD）是我国常见病与多发病，同时也是引起终末期肾脏病的主要原因。因此，加强DKD防治具有重要意义。目前，国内外已颁布了多种有关糖尿病诊断、治疗、管理的临床指南或专家共识，其中也涉及了DKD诊疗的部分内容，但并不能满足肾科医生的需求。对DKD患者这一特殊人群，合理用药、规范诊疗、细化管理等问题仍有待解决。另外，随着医疗新技术的发展，有关DKD的知识不断更新，特别是新型药物的临床应用，拓展了DKD诊疗策略，因此有必要编写一部适用于中国人群的DKD诊疗指南。鉴于此，中华医学会肾脏病学分会组织了专家组编写了这部《DKD临床诊疗中国指南》。该指南参考了国内外相关指南与专家共识，整合了中国肾脏病专家的临床经验，系统地介绍了DKD诊断、肾脏病理活检、治疗与管理、合并症处理及常用药物的合理应用等问题。另外，专家组在编写过程中本着严谨、简明、权威的原则，参阅了国际指南格式，提出诊疗要点、逐条列证说明。该指南反映了当今DKD诊疗的新趋势、新观点，对进一步加强DKD认识、规范DKD诊疗体系、制定合理治疗原则、指导精准用药、延缓肾脏病进展、提高患者生活质量具有重要价值，可供广大医师在临床工作中参考。

肾脏在调节人体钾代谢中起着重要作用。肾衰竭患者易发生急性或慢性高钾血症；肾小管酸中毒、失盐性肾病等患者易发生低钾血症。无论高钾血症还是低钾血症均可引起细胞膜电位异常，导致四肢麻痹、心律失常甚至猝死等严重并发症。中华医学会肾脏病学分会专家组参考国内外最新文献，根据中国临床诊疗实践特点，围绕钾代谢的机制、低钾血症、高钾血症及慢性肾脏病患者血钾的监测四部分内容制定了《中国慢性肾脏病患者血钾管理实践专家共识》。本共识是我国首个指导慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者血钾异常综合性管理的临床共识，旨在引起广大肾科医师重视，为我国CKD患者血钾管理的规范化诊断和治疗提供指导性建议。

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is an important treatment for critically ill patients. Critically ill patients often need to receive antimicrobials and CRRT treatments at the same time. CRRT affects the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimicrobials, and there is a lack of recommendations and suggestions for the antimicrobial dosing during CRRT. The clinical medicine, pharmacy, intensive care and infectious diseases specialists in China set up an expert group on antimicrobial dosing optimization during CRRT, conducted evidence search around CRRT factors, drug characteristics, patient factors and antimicrobial dosing optimization during CRRT, and fully discussed and formulated the consensus, to provide guiding advices on the rational use of antimicrobials during CRRT.

In recent years, the incidence rate of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in China has increased year by year. About 2% of patients enter ESKD every year. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has been widely used in ESKD patients all over the world, especially in developing countries, because of its simple, safe, effective and home based treatment. Since continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis was introduced to China in 1978, Chinese nephrology professionals have made remarkable achievements in PD management after decades of joint efforts. However, they still face many challenges. In order to investigate the status of quality indicators of PD centers, the construction of centers, PD prescriptions and adjustments, diagnosis and treatment of complications, adequacy assessment, long-term follow-up status of patients, disease burden and risk perception of chronic kidney disease in China, the project group of the white paper carried out three rounds of questionnaires nationwide, objectively and comprehensively analyzed the survey results, and organized experts to prepare the white paper. The white paper clearly reviewed the current situation of PD construction and management in China, and also found some problems that need to be solved. It still needs to further standardize the staffing of PD centers, strengthen the training of PD professionals, expand the full-time medical staff, pay attention to quality management, reduce the incidence of PD related complications, and improve the long-term survival rate and quality of life of PD patients.

为加强透析前期和初始透析慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease，CKD）患者的管理，《中国围透析期慢性肾脏病管理规范》专家组编写了本规范。规范首先提出“围透析期CKD”的概念及特征，其并发症发生率、病死率及治疗费用显著增高，同时肾小球滤过率快速降低，需要强化管理；接着本规范系统全面地阐述了围透析期CKD患者病情评估指标与频率、肾脏替代治疗时机与模式选择、透析充分性评估、围透析期常见并发症的诊断和处理；最后提出了围透析期CKD的未来研究方向。围透析期CKD管理一直是肾脏病临床的难点，本管理规范的制定、宣传及落实能够提高我国围透析期CKD患者的管理水平，从而对改善患者的存活率和生存质量、减轻医疗负担具有重要意义。

连续性肾脏替代治疗（continuous renal replacement therapy，CRRT）是一项持续的血液净化技术，血液经过体外循环时可导致血小板活化并激活内源性、外源性凝血途径导致体外循环凝血发生，不仅导致CRRT治疗中断、治疗效率下降、血细胞消耗，而且导致血管通路并发症增加、医疗费用增加及医源性感染的风险增加。因此，安全有效的抗凝策略在CRRT过程中显得尤为关键。故而，中华医学会肾脏病学分会成立了CRRT抗凝管理指南工作组。指南工作组通过对此领域文献的系统全面检索、数据分析及专业讨论，从CRRT抗凝评估与监测、局部枸橼酸抗凝CRRT、系统性抗凝CRRT及无抗凝剂CRRT 4个方面构建了CRRT的抗凝管理指南。该指南基于CRRT抗凝的循证医学证据及临床经验，有利于规范CRRT抗凝技术，减少CRRT患者的抗凝相关并发症，延长体外循环寿命。

Diabetes is a major risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Finerenone, a novel nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, has been confirmed to have a definite renal and cardiovascular protective effect on diabetes mellitus with CKD. Long-term use can significantly reduce the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio in patients with diabetes mellitus and has little effect on blood potassium. In order to make the clinical application of finerenone more reasonable and standardized, based on research evidence and clinical practice experience, the expert group formed the Chinese expert consensus on the use of finerenone in patients with diabetes mellitus and CKD after many discussions. The mechanism of action and pharmacological properties of finerenone, evidence-based medical evidence, suitable population, specific usage and precautions were described, and 27 recommendations were formed to provide reference for clinical use of finerenone and benefit patients.

Sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a novel type of oral hypoglycemic agent. Clinical trials have found that these drugs not only help control diabetes but also provide additional benefits for heart and kidney outcome. They have shown cardiorenal protection in patients with type 2 diabetes and can improve outcomes in non-diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and the overall safety performance is good. Therefore, SGLT2 inhibitors have become important drugs for cardiorenal protection in CKD patients. The consensus expert group undertook an extensive process to develop this consensus on the use of SGLT2 inhibitor drugs in managing CKD. They engaged multidisciplinary experts from nephrology, endocrinology, and cardiology to ensure a comprehensive and standardized approach. The expert group utilized existing evidence-based evidence and the expertise of the participating clinicians to formulate this consensus through consultation, voting and discussion. The consensus includes the recommended population for SGLT2 inhibitors use, the risk assessment of adverse reactions before use, the recommendation of combination administration, and the monitoring and management of adverse reactions during use. This collaborative effort aims to provide physicians with a reliable and practical framework for the rational use of SGLT2 inhibitor drugs in clinical practice.

心力衰竭（heart failure）是透析（dialysis）患者的第二大心血管疾病。透析患者一旦合并心力衰竭，生存率显著下降。尽管国内外已颁布了多部普通人群心力衰竭相关的临床指南或专家共识，但由于透析患者肾功能极差甚至没有残余肾功能、慢性并发症多，加上血液透析（hemodialysis，HD）和腹膜透析（peritoneal dialysis，PD）治疗本身的特殊性、可变性及局限性，使透析患者与普通人群在心力衰竭诊断、治疗及管理等方面均存在很大的不同。故而现有国内外指南和共识并不完全适用于透析人群，迫切需要透析患者心力衰竭管理的指导性文件，以指导、规范心力衰竭的诊疗。鉴于此，中华医学会肾脏病学分会和中关村肾病血液净化创新联盟组织专家组制定了这部《中国透析患者慢性心力衰竭管理指南》。该指南基于循证医学证据及临床经验，就心力衰竭诊断、危险因素管理、HD管理、PD管理、药物管理及其他管理等问题做了系统的介绍，反映了当今透析患者心力衰竭诊疗的新观点及未来发展趋势，有利于进一步加强临床医生对透析患者心力衰竭的认识、规范透析患者心力衰竭的临床管理流程，对改善透析患者预后具有重要价值。

抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体（anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody，ANCA）相关肾炎（ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis，AAGN）是造成中老年肾脏病患者急性肾功能减退的主要原因，病情严重，人肾存活率低。我国AAGN患者的ANCA类型、临床特征及预后与欧美国家的AAGN存在差异。基于我国对AAGN的临床研究证据并借鉴国外相关指南，中华医学会肾脏病学分会组织专家制定了ANCA相关肾炎的诊断和治疗中国指南，在AAGN的诊断和评估、随访管理、诱导期和维持期治疗、顽固性和复发性AAGN的治疗及感染的预防等方面提出了推荐或建议，为规范临床实践和个体化治疗决策的制定提供了指导意见。

利妥昔单抗（rituximab，RTX）是一种作用于B细胞表面CD20分子的人鼠嵌合单克隆抗体，靶向诱导B细胞凋亡，减少自身抗体的产生，对系统性红斑狼疮、肾小球肾炎等与自身抗体致病相关的疾病治疗存在理论基础。改善全球肾脏病预后组织（Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes，KDIGO）指南也建议把RTX用于治疗膜性肾病、微小病变肾病、狼疮肾炎等肾小球疾病。目前，RTX治疗肾小球肾炎在我国尚处于起步阶段，存在临床适应证不一、治疗方案多样等问题，导致疗效评估和分析存在困难。为此，中华医学会肾脏病学分会专家组通过阅读相关文献，并结合我国临床诊疗现状，对RTX治疗肾小球肾炎的适应证、治疗方案及随访管理注意事项等形成专家共识，以指导临床医生的工作实践，并为未来制定临床指南提供基础。

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are commonly used drugs in the treatment of renal anemia. There are currently two types of ESAs available to clinicians, including short-acting ESAs and long-acting ESAs. Short-acting ESAs have been used for decades in China, which are being widely accepted nowadays. Several professional societies have published consensus guidelines for the use and interpretation of short-acting ESAs worldwide in recent years. The advantages of long-acting ESAs include long half-life, low infusion frequency, good patient compliance, etc. There is still a lack of guidance on the clinical use of long-acting ESAs although important progress of long-acting ESAs has been made in clinical trials in recent years. Thus, the Society of Nephrology & Dialysis of China Non-Government Medical Institutions Association organized relevant experts to jointly formulate the "Chinese Expert Consensus on Long-acting ESAs in the Treatment of Renal Anemia". This consensus mainly introduces the classification, mechanism of action and pharmacological characteristics of long-acting ESAs, their indications, timing, administration protocols, application in special populations, adverse reactions and management in renal anemia. It is the hope of this concensus will guide the clinical use of long-acting ESAs in the treatment of renal anemia.

托伐普坦（tolvaptan）已被多个国家批准用于常染色体显性多囊肾病（autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease，ADPKD）的治疗，并实现了国产化。为帮助国内肾科医师有效、安全地使用托伐普坦治疗ADPKD患者，专家组依托已有文献结合国内ADPKD患者诊疗现状编写了本部共识，以供临床医师实践参考。共识首先描述ADPKD及快速进展型ADPKD的诊断方法与标准，概述ADPKD一般治疗与对症治疗，进而详细阐述了托伐普坦治疗ADPKD的适应证与禁忌证、个体化治疗前评估与剂量滴定办法、药物不良反应及处置办法、联合用药注意事项及终止治疗时机，总结了规范化应用托伐普坦治疗ADPKD的全流程。该共识的制定将有助于提高肾科医师应用托伐普坦治疗ADPKD的规范化和有效性，有助于提高患者治疗的依从性和安全性。

终末期糖尿病肾脏病患者常见，其包含两种情况：一是由糖尿病引起的终末期肾病（end-stage renal disease，ESRD），又称之为糖尿病肾病；二是慢性肾脏病合并糖尿病，但糖尿病不是ESRD的病因，称之为合并糖尿病的ESRD。终末期糖尿病肾脏病患者行肾替代治疗的心脑血管事件发生率高、外周血管条件差、感染等并发症的风险高，治疗时血糖波动大，管理难度大。专家组对终末期糖尿病肾脏病肾替代治疗的时机、方式选择、腹膜透析、血液透析、肾移植治疗要点进行总结并提出有关建议，希望能引起广大肾科医师重视，不断提高治疗水平。