慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease，CKD）已成为全球性的公共卫生问题。“肾脏病预后质量倡议（Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative，KDOQI）”和“改善全球肾脏病预后组织（Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes，KDIGO）”工作组先后制定了CKD 临床实践指南。为提高我国CKD防治水平，在参考国外指南基础上，结合中国特点，我们组织上海市肾脏病专家制定了《CKD筛查 诊断及防治指南》，并于2017年发表。该指南对各级全科医师和肾脏病专科医师均有参考价值，有力推动了对CKD的认识和提高了对CKD的管理水平。近年来CKD 研究又取得了很多重大进展，基于临床证据的积累及各种新药的问世，上海市肾内科临床质量控制中心专家组对2017年版《CKD筛查 诊断及防治指南》进行了更新和修订，内容主要包括CKD筛查的对象和方式、进展的评估及防治等方面。

心力衰竭（heart failure）是透析（dialysis）患者的第二大心血管疾病。透析患者一旦合并心力衰竭，生存率显著下降。尽管国内外已颁布了多部普通人群心力衰竭相关的临床指南或专家共识，但由于透析患者肾功能极差甚至没有残余肾功能、慢性并发症多，加上血液透析（hemodialysis，HD）和腹膜透析（peritoneal dialysis，PD）治疗本身的特殊性、可变性及局限性，使透析患者与普通人群在心力衰竭诊断、治疗及管理等方面均存在很大的不同。故而现有国内外指南和共识并不完全适用于透析人群，迫切需要透析患者心力衰竭管理的指导性文件，以指导、规范心力衰竭的诊疗。鉴于此，中华医学会肾脏病学分会和中关村肾病血液净化创新联盟组织专家组制定了这部《中国透析患者慢性心力衰竭管理指南》。该指南基于循证医学证据及临床经验，就心力衰竭诊断、危险因素管理、HD管理、PD管理、药物管理及其他管理等问题做了系统的介绍，反映了当今透析患者心力衰竭诊疗的新观点及未来发展趋势，有利于进一步加强临床医生对透析患者心力衰竭的认识、规范透析患者心力衰竭的临床管理流程，对改善透析患者预后具有重要价值。

连续性肾脏替代治疗（continuous renal replacement therapy，CRRT）是一项持续的血液净化技术，血液经过体外循环时可导致血小板活化并激活内源性、外源性凝血途径导致体外循环凝血发生，不仅导致CRRT治疗中断、治疗效率下降、血细胞消耗，而且导致血管通路并发症增加、医疗费用增加及医源性感染的风险增加。因此，安全有效的抗凝策略在CRRT过程中显得尤为关键。故而，中华医学会肾脏病学分会成立了CRRT抗凝管理指南工作组。指南工作组通过对此领域文献的系统全面检索、数据分析及专业讨论，从CRRT抗凝评估与监测、局部枸橼酸抗凝CRRT、系统性抗凝CRRT及无抗凝剂CRRT 4个方面构建了CRRT的抗凝管理指南。该指南基于CRRT抗凝的循证医学证据及临床经验，有利于规范CRRT抗凝技术，减少CRRT患者的抗凝相关并发症，延长体外循环寿命。

免疫性肾小球疾病是导致终末期肾病的主要原因之一。除了传统的糖皮质激素及免疫抑制治疗方案外，生物制剂越来越多地应用于免疫性肾小球疾病的临床治疗，显著改善了患者的临床症状及生存质量，为这类疾病的靶向治疗带来了曙光。然而，生物制剂在免疫性肾小球疾病中的应用尚缺乏统一的规范，制定既符合国际指南标准又贴近中国临床实践的免疫性肾小球疾病生物制剂治疗共识势在必行。为此，我国肾脏病领域专家依据国内外研究数据和临床经验，结合中国肾脏疾病患者的特点，在深入讨论的基础上制定了本共识。本共识内容包括免疫性肾小球疾病的分类及其发病机制，常用生物制剂及其作用机制，生物制剂的应用原则与方法、疗效与安全性、患者的选择与监测、常见问题与对策以及特殊人群应用的注意事项等方面，以期为临床医师提供具体的指导意见。

糖尿病肾脏疾病（diabetic kidney disease，DKD）是糖尿病的常见慢性并发症，也是慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease，CKD）和终末期肾病（end-stage renal disease，ESRD）的重要原因。明晰DKD的诊断、鉴别诊断以及对疾病进展风险的评估有助于对患者的分层管理和个体化治疗。白蛋白尿和估算肾小球滤过率（estimated glomerular filtration rate，eGFR）是DKD的主要诊断依据，而新型生物标志物在辅助DKD诊断和预后评估方面亦显现出重要价值。目前，临床实践中关于DKD诊断、预后评估及生物标志物的认识尚存在不足。为此，基于国内外DKD临床研究进展，中华医学会肾脏病学分会组织有关专家制定了这部共识，目的是加强相关从业人员、尤其是基层医务人员在临床实践中对DKD诊断、预后评估和生物标志物的认识，改善DKD的防治水平。

足细胞位于肾小球基底膜外侧，其足突对维持正常肾小球滤过屏障的结构和功能起重要作用。足细胞细胞骨架包括中间丝、微管以及肌动蛋白。足细胞的肌动蛋白骨架紊乱在多种肾脏疾病中被广泛报道。本文就足细胞骨架蛋白的分类、功能、足细胞骨架调控通路及其潜在治疗靶点的研究进展进行综述。

In recent years, the incidence rate of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in China has increased year by year. About 2% of patients enter ESKD every year. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has been widely used in ESKD patients all over the world, especially in developing countries, because of its simple, safe, effective and home based treatment. Since continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis was introduced to China in 1978, Chinese nephrology professionals have made remarkable achievements in PD management after decades of joint efforts. However, they still face many challenges. In order to investigate the status of quality indicators of PD centers, the construction of centers, PD prescriptions and adjustments, diagnosis and treatment of complications, adequacy assessment, long-term follow-up status of patients, disease burden and risk perception of chronic kidney disease in China, the project group of the white paper carried out three rounds of questionnaires nationwide, objectively and comprehensively analyzed the survey results, and organized experts to prepare the white paper. The white paper clearly reviewed the current situation of PD construction and management in China, and also found some problems that need to be solved. It still needs to further standardize the staffing of PD centers, strengthen the training of PD professionals, expand the full-time medical staff, pay attention to quality management, reduce the incidence of PD related complications, and improve the long-term survival rate and quality of life of PD patients.

Objective To analyze the changes of diagnosis and treatment before and after renal biopsy in adult patients with acute kidney disease (AKD), and to explore the value of renal biopsy in the diagnosis and treatment of AKD. Methods It was a single-center retrospective observational study. The adult patients with AKD who underwent renal biopsy in the Department of Nephrology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2021 were enrolled. Demographic data, general clinical data, laboratory tests, and diagnosis and treatment data before and after renal biopsy were collected to analyze the concordance rate between clinical and pathological diagnoses, changes in treatment after renal biopsy, and bleeding complication. Results A total of 575 patients diagnosed with AKD by renal biopsy were included in this study, with age of 51 (36, 63) years old and 359 males (62.4%). Among them, there were 293 patients (51.0%) of acute kidney injury, 348 patients (60.5%) of hypertension and 124 patients (21.6%) of diabetes. The peak serum creatinine was 272 (190, 477) μmol/L. The hemoglobin was 106 (86, 126) g/L. The 24-hour urine protein was 2.15 (0.79, 4.82) g. There were 347 patients (60.3%) of acute glomerular diseases, 136 patients (23.7%) of acute interstitial nephritis, 47 patients (8.2%) of thrombotic microangiopathy, and 45 patients (7.8%) of acute tubular necrosis. The most common types of acute glomerular diseases were IgA nephropathy and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis, accounting for 22.3% (128/575) and 12.2% (70/575), respectively. The clinical diagnoses before renal biopsy were consistent with the renal histopathological diagnoses in 454 patients, with an accuracy rate of 79.0%. Following the renal biopsy, the treatment plan involving glucocorticoids or immunosuppressants was adjusted in 394 patients (68.5%). Significant post-biopsy bleeding occurred in 15 patients (2.6%), with 12 patients requiring blood transfusion and 1 patient requiring surgical intervention. Conclusions Twenty-one clinical diagnoses do not match the pathological diagnoses in adult AKD patients, 68.5% of patients have changes in their treatment plans, and 2.6% of patients have significant hemorrhagic complications after renal biopsy. Clinicians need to carefully consider the benefits and risks and make individualized decisions about renal biopsy.

Objective To establish a IgA nephropathy (IgAN) standard dataset for the structured and standardization of IgAN clinical information, which will be beneficial to the integration and utilization of clinical information among different medical institutions. Therefore, the IgAN Expert Collaboration Group composed the "IgA Nephropathy Standard Dataset". Methods Referring to the domestic information standards, guidelines, data standard and consensus of related fields, based on electronic medical history, the patient identification number was used as the primary key of the system to collect information. By standardizing each data element in the data set, the standardization of the management system in data and information exchange, data collaboration and sharing was ensured, and a quality control system was developed. Results This standard dataset included 607 data elements and 8 business domains, which were patient information, medical history information, physical examination, laboratory examination, assistant examination, renal pathology, drug treatment, and follow-up, respectively. Each module was composed of module name, data element name, English name, definition, range, reference standard, etc. At the same time, a corresponding quality control system was formulated to evaluate data quality from multiple dimensions such as completeness, standardization, accuracy, timeliness, and security for ensuring the high quality and security of the data. Conclusion The IgAN standard dataset is established, which will contribute to the structuration and standardization of clinical information of IgAN patients.

托伐普坦（tolvaptan）已被多个国家批准用于常染色体显性多囊肾病（autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease，ADPKD）的治疗，并实现了国产化。为帮助国内肾科医师有效、安全地使用托伐普坦治疗ADPKD患者，专家组依托已有文献结合国内ADPKD患者诊疗现状编写了本部共识，以供临床医师实践参考。共识首先描述ADPKD及快速进展型ADPKD的诊断方法与标准，概述ADPKD一般治疗与对症治疗，进而详细阐述了托伐普坦治疗ADPKD的适应证与禁忌证、个体化治疗前评估与剂量滴定办法、药物不良反应及处置办法、联合用药注意事项及终止治疗时机，总结了规范化应用托伐普坦治疗ADPKD的全流程。该共识的制定将有助于提高肾科医师应用托伐普坦治疗ADPKD的规范化和有效性，有助于提高患者治疗的依从性和安全性。

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is an important treatment for critically ill patients. Critically ill patients often need to receive antimicrobials and CRRT treatments at the same time. CRRT affects the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimicrobials, and there is a lack of recommendations and suggestions for the antimicrobial dosing during CRRT. The clinical medicine, pharmacy, intensive care and infectious diseases specialists in China set up an expert group on antimicrobial dosing optimization during CRRT, conducted evidence search around CRRT factors, drug characteristics, patient factors and antimicrobial dosing optimization during CRRT, and fully discussed and formulated the consensus, to provide guiding advices on the rational use of antimicrobials during CRRT.

腹膜透析（peritoneal dialysis，PD）相关性腹膜炎（PD-associated peritonitis，PDAP）是PD的严重并发症，防治PDAP对降低患者的发病率和病死率至关重要。近期发布的2022版国际腹膜透析协会（International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis，ISPD）有关PDAP防治指南中，对于难治性腹膜炎（refractory peritonitis）、再发性腹膜炎（recurrent peritonitis）、复发性腹膜炎（relapsing peritonitis）、重现性腹膜炎（repeat peritonitis）、腹膜炎相关导管拔除（peritonitis-associated catheter removal）、腹膜炎相关转血液透析（peritonitis-associated haemodialysis transfer）、腹膜炎相关死亡（peritonitis-associated death）、腹膜炎相关住院（peritonitis-associated hospitalisation）等概念均赋以明确定义，提出了一些新的腹膜炎类型和预后概念，如PD前腹膜炎（pre-PD peritonitis）、肠源性腹膜炎（enteric peritonitis）、导管相关性腹膜炎（catheter-related peritonitis）及腹膜炎的临床治愈（medical cure）。新指南建议PDAP的总体发生风险应低于0.4例次/患者年，每年无腹膜炎患者占比应高于80%。对于PD系统污染的处理、侵入性操作的抗生素预防、PD培训与再评估以及腹膜炎可预防的风险因素如豢养宠物、H2受体拮抗剂等热点问题均在新指南中给予了阐释。经验性抗生素的选择和剂量，及针对特殊病原菌口服N-乙酰半胱氨酸辅助减轻氨基糖苷类耳毒性的新方法也在新指南中进行了介绍。最后，指南对未来腹膜炎防治的研究方向给出了建议。

钙化防御是一种多见于透析人群、具有潜在致死性的血管钙化综合征，以全身多部位持续性疼痛、溃疡或坏死等皮肤损害为临床表现特征，病情进展迅速。早诊断和早治疗是降低钙化防御高致残率及高病死率的关键。本文结合国内外最新研究和近年的临床经验，对钙化防御诊断现状进行梳理和思考，以期帮助临床医师更好地识别该类疾病，改善患者预后。

高甘油三酯血症（hypertriglyceridemia，HTG，亦称高三酰甘油血症）是慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease，CKD）患者最常见的异常脂代谢类型，可加速CKD进展，且与心血管疾病的剩留风险密切相关，但肾科医师对于如何管理CKD合并HTG缺乏共识，存在未满足的临床需求。鉴于此，专家组参考国内外最新文献，根据中国临床诊疗特点，围绕HTG病理生理，HTG对CKD合并心血管疾病的影响，HTG诊断、治疗以及特殊人群管理等内容制定了此共识。本共识是我国首个指导CKD患者HTG管理的专家共识，旨在引起广大肾科医师重视，为我国CKD患者HTG的规范化诊治提供指导性建议。

Diabetes is a major risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Finerenone, a novel nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, has been confirmed to have a definite renal and cardiovascular protective effect on diabetes mellitus with CKD. Long-term use can significantly reduce the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio in patients with diabetes mellitus and has little effect on blood potassium. In order to make the clinical application of finerenone more reasonable and standardized, based on research evidence and clinical practice experience, the expert group formed the Chinese expert consensus on the use of finerenone in patients with diabetes mellitus and CKD after many discussions. The mechanism of action and pharmacological properties of finerenone, evidence-based medical evidence, suitable population, specific usage and precautions were described, and 27 recommendations were formed to provide reference for clinical use of finerenone and benefit patients.

Sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a novel type of oral hypoglycemic agent. Clinical trials have found that these drugs not only help control diabetes but also provide additional benefits for heart and kidney outcome. They have shown cardiorenal protection in patients with type 2 diabetes and can improve outcomes in non-diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and the overall safety performance is good. Therefore, SGLT2 inhibitors have become important drugs for cardiorenal protection in CKD patients. The consensus expert group undertook an extensive process to develop this consensus on the use of SGLT2 inhibitor drugs in managing CKD. They engaged multidisciplinary experts from nephrology, endocrinology, and cardiology to ensure a comprehensive and standardized approach. The expert group utilized existing evidence-based evidence and the expertise of the participating clinicians to formulate this consensus through consultation, voting and discussion. The consensus includes the recommended population for SGLT2 inhibitors use, the risk assessment of adverse reactions before use, the recommendation of combination administration, and the monitoring and management of adverse reactions during use. This collaborative effort aims to provide physicians with a reliable and practical framework for the rational use of SGLT2 inhibitor drugs in clinical practice.

肾脏是人体最重要的代谢器官之一，在调节水盐代谢、酸碱平衡等方面起着至关重要的作用。尿液是肾脏代谢产物，尿液有形成分检测可以帮助对急性肾损伤、狼疮肾炎、急性间质性肾炎等疾病作出早期筛查和诊断，并且可以指导后期治疗及预后。中国乃至全世界目前都在步入老龄化社会，老年人群易受疾病侵袭，其尿液细胞特点尤其值得探索和研究。但目前相关研究较少，未来需要更多的临床研究和技术支持。本文主要综述了尿液有形成分在肾脏疾病中的诊断、治疗作用。

光声成像（photoacoustic imaging，PAI）是利用激光的热效应产生声波而成像的新型成像技术，其成像方式有较强的穿透力和安全性，能够动态成像且对血流灌注敏感，有可被应用于肾脏病诊断的潜力，尤其在急性肾损伤的诊疗方面。目前PAI在乳腺、甲状腺等器官中已有一些试验性的临床应用，但应用在肾脏成像的报道还比较少。本文将对PAI的历史与基本原理、PAI在AKI诊断中的应用进展以及未来PAI在肾脏病诊疗中的潜在应用展开综述。

Objective To analyze the clinicopathological characteristics, treatment responses and kidney outcomes of patients with atypical membranous nephropathy (MN), and to provide information for the clinical practice. Methods The clinical data of patients with atypical MN and synchronous primary MN who were diagnosed, treated and followed up in Peking University First Hospital from January 2008 to June 2020 were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Clinicopathological features, treatment responses and kidney prognosis were compared between the two groups. The expression of phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) in kidney tissues was detected by immunofluorescence. Serum anti-PLA2R antibody was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clinicopathological indexes were compared between PLA2R-related MN group and non-PLA2R-related MN group. Kaplan-Meier (Log-rank test) survival curve and multivariate Cox regression analysis methods were used to analyze the influencing factors of kidney prognosis in patients with atypical MN. The primary endpoint of renal adverse outcome was renal insufficiency, defined as end-stage renal disease or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline>30% baseline and<60 ml·min^-1·(1.73 m²)^-1. Results A total of 65 atypical MN patients were enrolled in this study. Compared with primary MN (n=324), patients with atypical MN had younger age (Z=-4.229, P<0.001), higher proportion of hematuria ( χ²=5.555, P=0.018), higher level of urinary protein (Z=2.228, P=0.026) and lower level of eGFR (t=-5.108, P<0.001); the proportion of IgG4 deposition in kidneys was lower ( χ²=8.081, P=0.004), and the proportions of IgA ( χ²=16.969, P<0.001) and IgM ( χ²=9.281, P=0.002) deposition were higher. There was no significant difference on gender, serum albumin, positive proportion of anti-PLA2R antibody, anti-PLA2R antibody level and kidney C3/C1q deposition between the two groups (all P>0.05). The proportions of atypical MN patients receiving renin-angiotensin aldosterone system inhibitors (49.3% vs 57.1%), calcineurin inhibitors (27.7% vs 19.1%) and cyclophosphamide (21.5% vs 23.8%) were comparable to those of primary MN patients (all P>0.05). The rates of clinical remission (80.0% vs 77.2%), partial remission (44.6% vs 44.1%), complete remission (35.4% vs 33.1%), spontaneous remission (36.9% vs 42.6%), response to cyclophosphamide (85.7% vs 81.8%), response to calcineurin inhibitor (88.9% vs 79.0%), and relapse (30.8% vs 26.8%) in atypical MN patients were comparable to those in primary MN patients (all P>0.05). During the follow-up 30.0(21.5, 61.5) months, 15 atypical MN patients (23.1%) had eGFR reduction>30%, among whom 7 patients (10.8%) had eGFR reduction>50% and 3 patients (4.6%) had end-stage kidney disease. There was no significant difference on poor kidney prognosis between the two groups (all P>0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that patients with age>39 years old ( χ²=10.092, P=0.001), eGFR≤100 ml·min^-1·(1.73 m²)^-1( χ²=5.491, P=0.019), tubular interstitial lesion ( χ²=6.999, P=0.008) and no nephropathy remission ( χ²=22.952, P<0.001) had earlier poor renal prognosis. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that no nephropathy remission (HR=12.604, 95%CI 2.691-59.037, P=0.001) was an independent influencing factor for poor renal prognosis in atypical MN patients. Conclusion No significant difference is found between atypical MN and primary MN on treatment responses and kidney prognosis, which implies that clinical practice of atypical MN can be performed by referring to the guidelines and experience of primary MN.

Objective To explore the risk factors and time distribution of renal relapse in patients with lupus nephritis (LN). Methods Clinical, pathological characteristics and long-term outcomes of LN patients who were diagnosed and followed in Jinling Hospital from January 2004 to December 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into relapse group and non-relapse group. The differences of clinical pathological characteristics between the two groups were compared. The multivariate Cox proportion risk model was used to analyze the risk factors affecting renal relapse in LN. The risk factors and time distribution of renal relapse were analyzed with annual relapse risk-time curve. Results A total of 814 patients with LN were included in the study, with 419 cases (51.5%) of complete remission and 395 cases (48.5%) of partial remission. The age was(30.24±10.90) years old, and there were 112 males (13.8%). There were 367 patients suffering renal relapse. The time of first renal relapse was (3.21±2.70) years. The results of multivariate Cox regression showed that age (HR=0.976, 95% CI 0.966-0.986, P<0.001), renal pathological activity index (AI) score (HR=1.039, 95% CI 1.013-1.065, P=0.003), remission status after induction treatment (HR=0.671, 95% CI 0.504-0.894, P=0.006), 24 h urinary protein quantitation (HR=1.297, 95% CI 1.115-1.508, P=0.001), anti-double strand DNA antibody (A-dsDNA, HR=1.450, 95% CI 1.139-1.846, P=0.003) and complement C3 (HR=0.223, 95% CI 0.128-0.389, P<0.001) were correlated with increasing risk of renal relapse in LN. The annual relapse risk profile was unimodal, with a peak period of the second year after maintenance treatment. Similar patterns of relapse were presented in subgroup analysis. Conclusions Age, renal pathological AI score, remission status after induction therapy, 24 h urine protein, A-dsDNA and blood complement C3 are the influencing factors for relapse of LN patients. The peak period of renal relapse in patients with LN is in the second year of maintenance therapy.

我们报道1例狼疮肾炎合并假性肠梗阻病例，患者临床表现为腹痛、腹胀、恶心、呕吐及排气、排便减少。腹部CT检查示小肠袢扩张伴有气液水平和肠壁增厚，伴双侧肾盂积水。经糖皮质激素冲击治疗后胃肠道症状缓解。肾穿刺活检病理报告为狼疮肾炎Ⅱ型。提示肾内科医师应关注常见病的罕见合并症，早诊断、早治疗可避免不必要的外科手术或胃肠道的不可逆损伤，改善患者的预后。

Objective To investigate the association between C-reactive protein (CRP)/albumin (ALB) ratio (CAR) and mortality in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods Clinical data of 791 PD patients in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2019 were retrospectively collected. According to the baseline quartiles of CAR, patients were divided into three groups: low-level CAR group (CAR≤0.161 mg/g, n=264), medium-level CAR group (CAR 0.162-0.214 mg/g, n=263) and high-level CAR group (CAR≥0.215 mg/g, n=264). The clinical data among the three groups were compared. Follow-up was ended on March 31, 2020, or when the patients stopped PD due to death, shift to hemodialysis, renal transplantation or recovery of renal function. Kaplan-Meier survival curve, multivariate Cox proportional hazard model and Fine-Gray competing risk model were used to assess the relationship between CAR and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality. The association between CAR, CRP, ALB, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), or platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and mortality in PD patients was compared by receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) analysis. Results The age of the patients was (59.8±15.7) years old, and 447(56.5%) patients were males. 714(90.3%) patients had hypertension. 233(29.5%) patients had diabetes. 182(23.0%) patients had cardiovascular diseases. The median follow-up time was 55(31, 88) months. By the end of the follow-up, 236 deaths (29.8%) happened, and 95 patients (12.0%) died from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis results showed that the overall survival rate of the high-level CAR group was lower than those of the low-level CAR group and medium-level CAR group (Log-rank test χ²=109.50, P<0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis and Fine-Gray competing risk model revealed that CAR was independently correlated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality after adjusting for confounding factors (HR=2.891, 95%CI 1.921-4.351, P<0.001; SHR=1.297, 95%CI 1.128-1.490, P<0.001). ROC curve analysis results showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of CAR for predicting the risk of all-cause mortality in PD patients was 0.737(95%CI 0.700-0.774), which was superior to those of CRP (AUC=0.643, 95%CI 0.599-0.687), NLR(AUC=0.608, 95%CI 0.563-0.653) and PLR (AUC=0.554, 95%CI 0.508-0.601), and slightly lower than ALB (AUC=0.752, 95%CI 0.716-0.788). The optimal cutoff value of CAR for death was 0.19 mg/g, with the sensitivity and specificity of 70.8% and 68.3%, respectively. Conclusions Increasing CAR level is an independent risk factor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality in PD patients, and its correlation with mortality is higher than those of inflammatory parameters such as CRP, NLR and PLR.

Recent studies have revealed that fluid overload is an independent risk factor for increasing renal function impairment, decreasing renal recovery rate and increasing mortality in severe patients with acute kidney injury (AKI), acute respiratory distress syndrome,or sepsis. The damage of fluid overload on renal function may be related to renal venous hypertension and renal interstitial edema, and eventually lead to the decrease of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. However, fluid clearance with diuretics or continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) may increase the risk of hypovolemia, hemodynamic instability, and tissue and organ hypoperfusion. Therefore, accurate fluid volume status assessment and management in AKI patients during CRRT is critical. The expert group of Chinese Society of Nephrology formulated this expert consensus on fluid volume assessment and management in CRRT based on evidence-based medical evidence and clinical experience. Through systematic and comprehensive literature search, data analysis and professional discussion in this field, the expert group constructed five special topics on fluid volume management in CRRT: the pathophysiological basis and harm of fluid volume imbalance in AKI patients, the management strategies on fluid volume in AKI patients, the assessment on fluid volume status and reactivity in AKI patients, the grading and application of fluid volume management in CRRT, and the management target and prescription on fluid volume in CRRT. This consensus aims to standardize clinical operations, reduce the incidence of fluid volume imbalances in AKI patients, and improve the patients' prognosis.

Objective To investigate the relationship between anemia and renal function prognosis in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients. Methods Patients diagnosed with IgAN by renal biopsy in Shenzhen Second People′s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University) from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients who lacked baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), or patients with the baseline eGFR<15 ml·min^-1·(1.73 m²)^-1, or patients who lacked baseline hemoglobin data were excluded. Clinical data, laboratory data, pathological data and follow-up data of renal function were collected. Patients were divided into anemic group (hemoglobin level<120 g/L in males and<110 g/L in females) and non-anemic group. A generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) was used to analyze the relationship between anemia at baseline and decreased renal function (eGFR) in follow-up. Results A total of 821 IgAN patients were enrolled in this study, including 666 non-anemia patients and 155 anemia patients. There were 397 males (48.36%), aged (34.91±9.46) years. The median baseline eGFR was 72.00(15.00, 167.46) ml·min^-1·(1.73 m²)^-1, and the median baseline urinary protein quantification was 1.00(0.01, 15.82) g/24 h. The median follow-up time was 176(0, 3 770) days. A total of 2 352 repeated measurements were performed of which 1 268 (53.91%) repeated measurements were from males. Compared with those in non-anemia group, patients in anemia group had lower levels of baseline eGFR, body mass index (BMI) and serum albumin, higher proportion of females, and higher pathologic manifestations of glomerular segmental sclerosis (S1), tubulointerstitial atrophy/fibrosis (T1 and T2), and crescent (C1 and C2) (all P<0.05). Using the single-factor GAMM, the eGFR decreased by 4.778 ml·min^-1·(1.73 m²)^-1 (95% CI 2.727-6.830, P<0.001) more per year in the anemia group than that in the non-anemia group. After adjusting for age, gender, BMI, blood uric acid, mean arterial pressure, serum albumin, blood cholesterol, 24 h urinary protein, glomerular mesangial cell proliferation (M), capillary cell proliferation (E), glomerular segmental sclerosis (S), tubulointerstitial atrophy/fibrosis (T), and crescent formation (C), each additional year of time, eGFR decreased by 6.817 ml·min^-1·(1.73 m²)^-1 (95%CI 4.245-9.388, P<0.001) more in the anemia group than that in the non-anemia group. Conclusions Anemia is correlated with renal function decline in IgAN patiens. IgAN patients with anemia have accelerated deterioration of progress. Early intervention of anemia might delay renal function progression.

Objective To study the clinicopathological characteristics, treatment and prognosis in lupus nephritis (LN) patients with renal thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), so as to provide more theoretical basis for clinicians to recognize and treat this disease. Methods The clinical data of LN patients who underwent renal biopsy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 1, 2012 to May 31, 2019 were retrospectively collected and analyzed. According to renal clinicopathological examination, the patients were divided into renal TMA group and non-renal TMA group. The clinical data, laboratory examination, renal pathological examination, therapeutic measures and prognostic between the two groups were compared. Follow-up end points were defined as composite ends, including all-cause death, entry into end-stage renal disease, and estimated glomerular filtration rate decrease>50% of baseline. Kaplan-Meier survival curve and log-rank test were used to compare the difference of survival rate between the two groups, and multivariate Cox regression equation was used to analyze the risk factors of endpoint events in LN patients. Results A total of 1 133 patients with LN were enrolled in this study. Patients with renal TMA were more likely to have hypertension ( χ²=16.310, P<0.001), higher baseline serum creatinine (Z=-6.918, P<0.001) and 24-hour urine protein ( Z=-2.232, P=0.026), and higher renal pathology activity index (AI) score (Z=1.957, P=0.001)and chronic index (CI) score (Z=1.836, P=0.002). The proportions of hormone shock (P<0.001) and plasma exchange (P<0.001) in the renal TMA group were higher than those in non-renal TMA group. After treatment of (12±2) months, patients in the renal TMA group had a lower complete response rate ( χ²=10.455, P=0.001) and a higher non-response rate ( χ²=6.047, P=0.014) than those in non-renal TMA group, and were associated with worse prognosis (Log-rank test χ²=26.490, P<0.001). Renal TMA was an independent risk factor for poor prognosis (HR=2.347, 95%CI 1.210-4.553, P=0.012). Conclusions Compared with LN patients without renal TMA, LN patients with renal TMA are more likely to have hypertension, with higher serum creatinine, 24-hour urinary protein, AI and CI, suggesting poorer treatment response and renal prognosis. Moreover, renal TMA is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in patients with LN.

Objective To explore the risk factors of hypocalcemia and the correlation between calcium supplementation and clinical parameters after parathyroidectomy (PTX) in maintenance hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), and to analyze the effect of calcium supplementation after PTX on the long-term prognosis of patients. Methods This study was a single-center retrospective study. The patients who underwent PTX in maintenance hemodialysis patients with SHPT in the Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University from October 2014 to March 2021 were retrospectively enrolled. Total PTX with auto transplantation or total PTX alone were the surgical procedures. According to the postoperative requirement of calcium in the first week, the patients were divided into two groups: high calcium supplement (>16.05 g/week) group and low calcium supplement group (≤16.05 g/week). According to the average serum calcium level in the first week after operation, the patients were divided into hypocalcemia group (≤2.1 mmol/L) and non-hypocalcemia group (>2.1 mmol/L) and the differences of clinical parameters between the two groups were compared. The correlation between clinical parameters and the postoperative calcium requirement was examined through Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis. The influencing factors for hypocalcemia after PTX were examined through logistic regression analysis. The survival curve was made by Kaplan-Meier method, and the difference of cumulative survival rate between the two groups was compared by log-rank test. Results A total of 98 maintenance hemodialysis patients with SHPT were enrolled. The levels of serum calcium, phosphorus, and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) after the operation decreased significantly than those of preoperation (all P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed age (β=-0.160, P=0.030), iPTH (β=0.004, P=0.025) and C-reactive protein (β=0.186, P=0.011) were correlated with postoperative calcium requirement. Preoperative alkaline phosphatase (OR=1.002, 95% CI 1.000-1.004, P=0.018) and hemoglobin (OR=0.977, 95% CI 0.954-1.000, P=0.048) independently predicted the occurrence risk of postoperative hypocalcemia through multivariate logistic regression analysis. The recurrence rate of high calcium supplement group was higher than that of low calcium supplement group (10.26% vs 0, P=0.023) and there was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between the two groups (17.95% vs 5.08%, P=0.086). The recurrence rate between the hypocalcemia group and non-hypocalcemia group was no significantly different (8.3% vs 1.8%, P=0.451) and there was no significant difference in all cause mortality between the two groups (12.5% vs 12.7%, P=1.000). Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that the cumulative survival rate between the two groups was no significantly different (log-rank test χ²=0.147, P=0.702). Conclusions PTX is a safe and effective therapeutic method to reduce the level of iPTH and improve the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in SHPT patients. Age, iPTH and C-reactive protein are correlated with the postoperative requirement of calcium in the first week. Preoperative alkaline phosphatase and hemoglobin are independent risk factors for postoperative hypocalcemia. Correcting preoperative electrolyte disorder, improving infection and anemia can reduce the incidence of hypocalcemia after PTX.

Objective To analyze the clinical features, efficacy and adverse reactions of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in patients with Fabry disease (FD). Methods The clinical data of FD patients in Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University from June 2020 to September 2021 were collected and the clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, gene mutations, and efficacy and adverse reactions of ERT were retrospectively analyzed. Results Sixteen patients with FD were enrolled in this study, including 12 typical cases and 4 late-onset cases, with varied clinical manifestations. Compared with late-onset patients, typical patients had younger age of onset (P=0.001), lower activity of plasma alpha-galactosidase A (P=0.016) and higher globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-GL-3, P=0.030). The typical patients [(13.50±10.08) years] and late-onset patients [(10.75±7.27) years] both had long delayed time of diagnosis. In 7 patients who underwent regular 6 ERT, lyso-GL-3 was significantly lower than before (P=0.018); after 6 treatments, the pain of 5 patients was relieved than before. Three patients with irregular ERT had aggravated symptoms, and 1 case had stroke recurrence during regular treatment. No serious adverse reaction occurred with the use of agalsidase β and α. Conclusions ERT can effectively reduce the level of plasma lyso-GL-3 in patients with FD and relieve symptoms, and has good safety. But the efficacy of ERT is dose-dependent, and clinical benefits require long-term observation and follow-up. Patients treated with ERT should have good compliance and can receive long-term regular treatment.

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are commonly used drugs in the treatment of renal anemia. There are currently two types of ESAs available to clinicians, including short-acting ESAs and long-acting ESAs. Short-acting ESAs have been used for decades in China, which are being widely accepted nowadays. Several professional societies have published consensus guidelines for the use and interpretation of short-acting ESAs worldwide in recent years. The advantages of long-acting ESAs include long half-life, low infusion frequency, good patient compliance, etc. There is still a lack of guidance on the clinical use of long-acting ESAs although important progress of long-acting ESAs has been made in clinical trials in recent years. Thus, the Society of Nephrology & Dialysis of China Non-Government Medical Institutions Association organized relevant experts to jointly formulate the "Chinese Expert Consensus on Long-acting ESAs in the Treatment of Renal Anemia". This consensus mainly introduces the classification, mechanism of action and pharmacological characteristics of long-acting ESAs, their indications, timing, administration protocols, application in special populations, adverse reactions and management in renal anemia. It is the hope of this concensus will guide the clinical use of long-acting ESAs in the treatment of renal anemia.

Objective To explore the influencing and prognosis factors of emphysematous urinary tract infection (EUTI). Methods The baseline clinical data of the patients admitted to Shandong University Qilu Hospital (Qingdao) from December 2013 to June 2020 and diagnosed with EUTI were analyzed retrospectively. The patients with non-EUTI (NEUTI) during the same period were selected as the control group. The baseline characteristics between the two groups were compared. Logistic regression analysis method was used to analyze the influencing factors of EUTI. Results (1) 24 EUTI patients and 53 NEUTI patients were included in the present study. Compared with the NEUTI group, the hemoglobin level was lower (t=-5.245, P<0.001) and the levels of blood urine nitrogen (Z=-4.361, P<0.001), serum creatinine (Scr, Z=-4.543, P<0.001), blood glucose (Z=-2.608, P=0.009), and triacylglycerol (Z=-2.408, P=0.016) were higher in the EUTI group. The proportions of diabetes mellitus ( χ²=13.453, P<0.001) and chronic kidney disease ( χ²=17.936, P<0.001) in the EUTI group were higher than those in the NEUTI group. Increasing Scr was the risk factor of EUTI in patients with urinary tract infection (OR=1.011, 95% CI 1.001-1.020, P=0.025). (2) Escherichia coli (E.coli, 14 cases, 58.3%) was the most common causative organism. The other causative organisms included Klebsiella pneumoniae (2 cases, 8.3%), Enterococcus faecium (1 case, 4.2%), Pantoea (1 case, 4.2%), and mixed bacteria of E.coli and Enterococcus faecium (1 case, 4.2%). Ten cases of E.coli were extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-positive. (3) Of the 24 patients with EUTI, 4 patients had adverse outcomes. The length of stay (Z=-2.457, P=0.014), blood urea nitrogen (t=2.432, P=0.024), shock (P=0.002), autoimmune disease (P=0.022), and white blood cell count (Z=-2.091, P=0.036) were statistically different between good prognosis group (n=20) and poor prognosis group (n=4). However, logistic regression analysis results showed that neither was the influencing factor of poor prognosis of EUTI. Conclusions The elevated Scr level is the independent influencing factor of EUTI among urinary infection patients. E.coli is the most common pathogenic bacteria, and ESBL-positive bacteria are common.

腹膜透析（腹透）相关性腹膜炎为腹透最常见的并发症，也是腹透失败的常见原因，严重影响患者的透析质量与预后。部分腹透相关性腹膜炎患者痊愈后临床预后不佳（包括腹膜炎重现、死亡等），推测与体内持续慢性炎症状态有关，包括系统性炎症和腹腔局部炎症。系统性炎症主要表现为血清C反应蛋白持续升高，促发蛋白质能量耗竭和动脉粥样硬化（营养不良、炎性反应和动脉硬化综合征）恶性循环加速疾病进展。腹腔局部炎症主要为炎性细胞和促炎因子持续升高，改变腹膜结构如间质增厚和腹膜纤维化，影响腹膜溶质分子转运和超滤功能，导致腹膜超滤衰竭，严重者发生包裹性腹膜硬化症。本文综述了腹透相关性腹膜炎患者痊愈后系统性炎症与局部炎症对临床预后的影响及相应的干预措施，以期提高临床医师对腹膜炎痊愈后腹透患者的关注度，改善长程腹透患者的生存率。

结节病是一种病因尚不明确的以非干酪样坏死性上皮细胞肉芽肿为病理特征的系统性疾病，可累及全身多个脏器，其中肾脏受累较为罕见，且多数患者无临床症状。本文报道浙江大学医学院附属第一医院肾脏病中心收治的2例经临床及病理特征确诊为结节病，且表现为急性肾损伤，经糖皮质激素治疗后肾功能明显好转的病例，并回顾了结节病肾损伤相关文献，旨在提高临床医师对结节病肾损伤的认识，有助于早期诊断及改善患者预后。

Objectives To investigate the epidemiological features and associated factors of chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) in Binhai county from Jiangsu province. Methods This is a cross-sectional study including individuals aged≥18 years old and participating in health examinations of Binhai county from January to December 2018. Medical records were collected to analyze the epidemiology of CRI [estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml·min^-1·(1.73 m²)^-1]. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the associated influencing factors of CRI. Results A total of 395 541 individuals residing in Binhai county were enrolled, with 190 258 males (48.1%) and age of (55.34±15.12) years old. The overall crude prevalence of CRI was 2.04% (8 065/395 541, 95%CI 2.00%-2.08%) in this adult population. Furthermore, the age- and gender- standardized overall prevalence of CRI was 1.22% (95%CI 1.18%-1.25%), with a rate of 1.47% (4 676/205 283, 95%CI 1.42%-1.52%) in women and a rate 0.95% (3 389/190 258, 95%CI 0.91%-1.00%) in men. There was a strong positive correlation between the risk of CRI and age (per 10-year increase, OR=2.449, 95%CI 2.402-2.497). Compared with individuals <30 years old, the OR of CRI in individuals aged 60-69, 70-79 and ≥80 years old were 3.827 (95%CI 3.010-4.864), 12.004 (95%CI 9.457-15.239) and 44.636 (95%CI 35.187-56.622) respectively. Females (OR=1.142, 95%CI 1.083-1.203), increasing systolic blood pressure (per 10 mmHg increase, OR=1.062, 95%CI 1.048-1.076), increasing heart rate (per 10-beat/min increase, OR=1.071, 95%CI 1.044-1.098), elevating triglyceride (per 1.33 mmol/L increase, OR=1.140, 95%CI 1.119-1.162), elevating fasting blood glucose (5.6-6.9 mmol/L /<5.6 mmol/L, OR=1.158, 95%CI 1.086-1.233; ≥7 mmol/L /<5.6 mmol/L, OR=1.387, 95%CI 1.296-1.484) and central obesity (OR=1.126, 95%CI 1.068-1.187) were independent risk factors for CRI. Conclusions The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of CRI in adults in Binhai county is 1.22%. Older age, females, central obesity, and high levels of triglyceride, systolic blood pressure, heart rate and fasting glucose are independent associated factors of CRI.

Objective To explore the isolation and culture methods of mouse parietal epithelial cells (PECs) of Bowman′s capsule, so as to provide a cell tool for further study. Methods Mouse renal corpuscles were isolated by cell sieving combined with magnetic separation. After primary culture, identified parietal epithelial cells were induced to differentiate into podocytes. Immunofluorescence staining, real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting were used to detect specific markers of parietal epithelial cells and podocytes. Results Primary cultured PECs grew like paving stone and expressed Claudin-1 (PECs specific marker), CD133 (stem cell marker) and CD24 (stem cell marker), without the expression of tubular epithelial cell proteins, mesangial cell and podocyte specific proteins. Cultured to 6 generations in vitro, the PECs still expressed Claudin-1, CD133 and CD24. After incubated with differentiation medium, PECs were able to express podocyte markers WT-1 and Synaptopodin. Conclusion The renal corpuscles are extracted by cell sieving combined with magnetic separation, and the mouse PECs successfully cultured in vitro can be induced to express podocytes′ markers.

Objective To investigate whether it is by regulating interleukin 1β (IL-1β) gene expression that androgen receptor (AR) in macrophages affects hyperphosphate-induced vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. Methods The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiment was used to determine whether AR was bound to the androgen receptor element (ARE) sequence of IL-1β promoter in THP-1 cells. Whether the AR regulated IL-1β gene expression was detected by luciferase assay experiments. AR of THP-1 cells was silenced and transfected by lentivirus with vector or shRNA. Flow cytometry was used to select positive transfected cells THP-1ARsc (control) and THP-1ARsi (AR silencing) with fluorescent markers. Western blotting was used to detect AR protein levels of THP-1ARsc (control) and THP-1ARsi cells (AR silencing in monocytes). Macrophages MФARsc (control) or MФARsi (AR silencing) were induced by 50 ng/ml phorbol ester. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect IL-1β expression levels of MФARsc or MФARsi conditioned medium. The human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) were cultured in MФARsc or MФARsi conditioned medium with phosphate (2.5 mmol/L final concentration of sodium dihydrogen phosphate), and Alizarin red S staining was used to analyze HASMC calcification degree. Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of RUNX2 (osteoblast marker) and SM22α (HASMC marker), and neutralization assay was performed to test IL-1β-mediating effect of macrophages AR on HASMC calcification. Results AR was bound to ARE sequence of IL-1β promoter and regulated IL-1β gene expression. The expression level of IL-1β protein in conditioned medium of MФARsi cells decreased significantly compared to MФARsc cells (P<0.001). Compared with MФARsc conditioned medium group, HASMC calcium deposition in MФARsi conditioned medium group decreased significantly, RUNX2 protein decreased and SM22α protein increased (all P<0.05). The degree of HASMC calcification in the MФARsi conditioned medium+IgG antibody group decreased than that in the MФARsc conditioned medium+IgG antibody group significantly, and the degree of HASMC calcification in the MФARsc conditioned medium+IL-1β antibody group decreased significantly than that in the MФARsc conditioned medium+IgG antibody group; while the degree of HASMC calcification in the MФARsi conditioned medium+IgG antibody group and MФARsi conditioned medium+IL-1β antibody group decreased than that in the MФARsc conditioned medium+IL-1β antibody group (all P<0.05). Conclusions Macrophage AR regulates IL-1β expression by binding to ARE sequence within IL-1β promoter, and IL-1β mediates the effect of macrophage AR on hyperphosphate-induced HASMC calcification.

探讨IgA肾病（IgA nephropathy，IgAN）患者血清及尿液半乳糖缺陷IgA1（galactose-deficient IgA1，Gd-IgA1）水平与临床病理及肠黏膜屏障损伤指标的相关关系。酶联免疫吸附测定法检测血尿Gd-IgA1、炎性因子及肠黏膜屏障损伤指标水平。IgAN组45例，健康对照组25例。结果显示IgAN组患者血清炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素6及血尿Gd-IgA1水平高于健康对照组人群（均P<0.05）；Spearman秩相关分析结果显示尿Gd-IgA1水平与血肌酐、24 h尿蛋白量及肾脏损伤程度呈正相关（均P<0.05）；IgAN组患者肠道黏膜屏障损伤指标细胞黏附分子1、D-乳酸、脂多糖、二胺氧化酶水平高于健康对照组人群（均P<0.05），且与尿Gd-IgA1水平呈正相关（均P<0.05）。本研究结果提示尿Gd-IgA1水平与IgAN严重程度及肠道黏膜屏障损伤指标相关。

Hyperkalemia is one of the common ion metabolism disorders in clinical practice. Hyperkalemia is defined as serum potassium higher than 5.0 mmol/L according to the guidelines at home and abroad. Acute severe hyperkalemia can cause serious consequences, such as flaccid paralysis, fatal arrhythmia, and even cardiac arrest. The use of renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system inhibitors, β-blockers and diuretics, low-sodium and high-potassium diets, and the presence of related comorbidities increase the occurrence of hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia risk exist in all clinical departments, but there is a lack of a standardization in the management of multi- department cooperation in hospital. Therefore, a number of domestic nephrology and cardiology department experts have discussed a management model for multi-department cooperation in hyperkalemia, formulating the management standard on hospital evaluation, early warning, diagnosis and treatment, and process. This can promote each department to more effectively participate in nosocomial hyperkalemia diagnosis and treatment, as well as the long-term management of chronic hyperkalemia, improving the quality of hyperkalemia management in hospital.

Objective To compare the survival rate of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) patients with different dialysis modalities after parathyroidectomy (PTX), and analyze the influencing factors of survival prognosis. Methods Clinical data of dialysis patients diagnosed with SHPT and treated with PTX in the First People′s Hospital of Foshan from April 2014 to May 2019 were retrospectively collected and analyzed. The patients were divided into hemodialysis (HD) group and peritoneal dialysis (PD) group according to preoperative dialysis modalities, and the differences in baseline clinical data and cardiac ultrasound results were compared between the two groups. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to compare the difference in cumulative survival rate between the two groups. Multivariate Cox regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of all-cause death. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) was used to predict the risk of all-cause death. Results A total of 99 patients were enrolled in this study, and 94 patients completed follow-up, including 23 patients who died. Compared with PD group (n=45), HD group (n=54) had higher dialysis age, blood pressure, intact parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase, total heart valve calcification rate, mitral valve calcification proportion, interventricular septal thickness (IVST) and left ventricular mass index (all P<0.05). The median follow-up time was 46.00(32.75, 60.25) months. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that there was no significant difference in cumulative survival rate between HD group and PD group (Log-rank test χ²=0.414, P=0.520). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that increasing age (HR=1.066, 95%CI 1.017-1.118, P=0.008), systolic blood pressure>140 mmHg (HR=2.601, 95%CI 1.002-6.752, P=0.049) and increasing IVST (HR=1.269, 95%CI 1.036-1.554, P=0.021) were independent influencing factors for all-cause death in dialysis patients after PTX. ROC curve analysis results showed that the cut-off values of age, dialysis age and IVST for predicting all-cause death after PTX were 51.5 years old (AUC=0.673, 95%CI 0.545-0.802, P=0.013) and 75.0 months (AUC=0.654, 95%CI 0.528-0.780, P=0.027) and 13.5 mm (AUC=0.680, 95%CI 0.557-0.803, P=0.010) respectively. The area under the ROC curve for age, dialysis age, IVST, left ventricular hypertrophy in combination with systolic blood pressure>140 mmHg in the prediction of all-cause death after PTX was 0.776(95%CI 0.677-0.875, P<0.001). Conclusions There is no significant difference in cumulative survival rate between HD and PD patients with SHPT after PTX. Increasing age, systolic blood pressure>140 mmHg and increasing IVST are independent risk factors for all-cause death in dialysis patients with SHPT after PTX.

急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury，AKI）是化疗药物顺铂的常见不良反应。顺铂诱导的AKI的发病机制复杂，与细胞摄取和外排、氧化应激、细胞死亡以及免疫与炎性反应有关。经历了数十年的研究，目前仍然没有理想的缓解顺铂相关AKI的治疗方案，主要原因是顺铂诱导的AKI的发病机制仍不明确。本文综述了近年来顺铂诱导的AKI的病理生理机制及其药理学和遗传学改变的相关文献，以期为顺铂相关AKI的治疗提供新思路。

颈内静脉带隧道和涤纶套导管是临床上常用的血液透析永久性血管通路，但置管手术的一系列并发症可能造成严重后果，甚至危及生命。我们报道左侧颈内静脉带隧道和涤纶套导管误入纵隔，在数字减影血管造影引导下成功调管2例，同时结合自身经验及相关文献分析该并发症的处理。

Objective To develop a neural network model for the evaluation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) based on multilayer perceptual neural network, and to compare with the improved Chinese based creatinine GFR evaluation formula (C-GFR_cr) and the evaluation formula (EPI-GFR_cr) of the American Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) for the clinical applicability of multilayer perceptual neural network model in evaluating GFR. Methods A total of 684 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients used for developing a modified version of China′s based creatinine GFR evaluation formula were taken as the research object. The data of 454 patients were randomly selected as the development group and the data of the other 230 patients were as the verification group. The multilayer perceptual neural network GFR evaluation model (M-GFR_cr) was established. With the double plasma GFR as the reference value (rGFR), the correlation, mean difference, mean absolute difference, precision and accuracy of C-GFR_cr, EPI-GFR_cr and M-GFR_cr were compared. Results Among the 684 CKD patients, there were 352 males and 332 females, with age of (49.9±15.8) years. The correlation between M-GFR_cr and rGFR was the highest (Pearson correlation =0.93, P<0.001). The mean difference of M-GFR_cr was lower than that of C-GFR_cr (Z=9.929, P<0.001) and EPI-GFR_cr(Z=10.573, P<0.001). The mean absolute difference of M-GFR_cr was also lower than that of C-GFR_cr(Z=3.953, P<0.001) and EPI-GFR_cr (Z=4.210, P<0.001). The accuracy of ±15% of M-GFR_cr was higher than that of C-GFR_cr ( χ²=26.068, P<0.001) and EPI-GFR_cr ( χ²=23.154, P<0.001). The accuracy of ±30% of M-GFR_cr was also higher than that of C-GFR_cr ( χ²=8.264, P=0.001) and EPI-GFR_cr ( χ²=11.963, P=0.001). The results of different stages of CKD showed that in the early stage of CKD (CKD 1-2), the mean difference of M-GFR_cr was lower than that of C-GFR_cr (Z=7.401, P<0.001) and EPI-GFR_cr (Z=8.096, P<0.001); the mean absolute difference of M-GFR_cr was also lower than that of C-GFR_cr (Z=4.723, P<0.001) and EPI-GFR_cr (Z=4.946, P<0.001); the accuracy of ±15% of M-GFR_cr was higher than that of C-GFR_cr ( χ²=23.547, P<0.001) and EPI-GFR_cr ( χ²=26.421, P<0.001); the accuracy of ±30% of M-GFR_cr was also higher than that of C-GFR_cr ( χ²=12.089, P=0.001) and EPI-GFR_cr ( χ²=16.168, P<0.001). But there was no significant difference in the applicability among C-GFR_cr, EPI-GFR_cr and M-GFR_cr in the advanced stages of CKD (CKD 3-5). Conclusion Compared with the improved Chinese based creatinine GFR evaluation formula C-GFR_cr and CKD-EPI evaluation formula EPI-GFR_cr, the accuracy of multilayer perceptual neural network model to evaluate GFR in CKD patients has been significantly improved, especially in CKD 1-2 stage.

钙化防御（calciphylaxis），又名钙性尿毒症性小动脉病（calcific uremic arteriolopathy，CUA），是好发于终末期肾脏病（end-stage kidney disease，ESKD）患者的系统性血管钙化综合征，该病罕见且预后恶劣。近年来钙化防御研究在早期诊断与药物治疗方面有显著进展，其中非创伤性影像学新技术的应用、硫代硫酸钠（sodium thiosulfate，STS）使用方案的改良以及新型血管钙化抑制剂SNF472疗效与安全性的初步研究结果最为引人注目。本文就近年来上述相关研究进行综述，为进一步研究和临床实践提供参考。

Objective To explore the incidence, influencing factors and prognostic value of cardiac valve calcification (CVC) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) non-dialysis patients. Methods The non-dialysis patients with CKD stage 1-5 who were hospitalized and underwent echocardiography in the Department of Nephrology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2019 were retrospectively admitted. The patients were divided into CVC group and non-CVC group, and the clinical data were compared between the two groups. The deadline for follow-up was November 1, 2021, and the follow-up end point event was all-cause mortality. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors of CVC in patients with CKD, and Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the risk factors of all-cause mortality in patients with CKD. Results A total of 563 patients with CKD were enrolled in the study, with age of (59.49±13.97) years old, and 352 males (62.52%). There were 325 patients (57.73%) with CKD stage 1-3 and 238 patients (42.27%) with CKD stage 4-5. The incidence of CVC in CKD stage 1-5 patients was 32.32%(182/563). Aortic valve calcification occurred in 30.73%(173/563), mitral valve calcification occurred in 9.77% (55/563), double valve (mitral and aortic valve) calcification occurred in 8.35% (47/563), and tricuspid valve calcification occurred in 0.18%(1/563). Age (t=12.223, P<0.001) and the proportions of CKD stage 4-5 ( χ²=10.854, P=0.001), hypertension ( χ²=7.811, P=0.005), diabetes ( χ²=8.424, P=0.004), hyperlipidemia ( χ²=9.331, P=0.002), and taking statins ( χ²=4.868, P=0.027) in CVC group were significantly higher than those in non-CVC group. Total cholesterol (t=2.243, P=0.025), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (t=2.025, P=0.043), platelet count (t=2.230, P=0.026) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (t=8.630, P<0.001) in CVC group were lower than those in the non-CVC group. Logistic regression analysis results showed that age≥60 years old (≥60 years old/<60 years old, OR=7.412, 95%CI 4.514-12.170, P<0.001), CKD stage 4-5 (stage 4-5/stage 1-3, OR=2.791，95%CI 1.730-4.505，P<0.001) and hyperlipidemia (OR=5.241, 95%CI 3.283-8.367, P<0.001) were the independent influencing factors of CVC in patients with CKD. Five hundred and sixty-three patients were followed up for an average of 26 months, including 68 cases (12.08%) of death, 436 cases (77.44%) of survival and 59 cases (10.48%) of loss to follow-up. Multivariate Cox regression analysis results showed that age≥60 years old (≥60 years old/<60 years old, HR=2.157, 95%CI 1.127-4.127, P=0.020), serum albumin<30 g/L (<30 g/L/≥30 g/L, HR=1.923, 95%CI 1.037-3.568, P=0.038) and double valve calcification (double valve calcification/no valve calcification, HR=2.516, 95%CI 1.279-4.950, P=0.008) were the independent influencing factors of all-cause death in patients with CKD. Conclusions CVC accounts for 32.32% in non-dialysis patients with CKD stage 1-5. Older age, worse renal function and hyperlipidemia are the independent risk factors of CVC in CKD patients. Older age, hypoproteinemia and double valve calcification are the independent risk factors of all-cause death in patients with CKD.

Objective To explore the effectiveness and complications of non-incision removal of tunneled cuffed catheter (TCC). Methods The clinical characteristics, surgical plans and complications of patients with TCC removal in the Renal Division of Peking University First Hospital from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2020 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into non-incision removal group and traditional incision removal group. The clinical characteristics, procedure success rate, procedural duration and complications were compared between the two groups. Results A total of 349 patients were included in this study, for whom 368 catheter removal procedures were performed, including 286 procedures in the non-incision removal group, 75 procedures in the traditional incision removal group, and 7 procedures without records of surgical plans. There was no significant difference in age, sex, basic kidney diseases and catheter remaining time and location between the two groups (all P>0.05). Two procedures in the non-incision removal group and 1 procedure in the traditional incision removal group failed respectively, and there was no significant difference in the procedure success rate between the two groups (99.3% vs 98.7%, χ²=0.290, P=0.590). The procedural duration in the non-incision removal group was lower than that in the traditional incision removal group [(5.36±1.70) min vs (17.55±3.28) min, t=44.198, P<0.001]. Among the patients who needed TCC exchange, there was no significant difference in the selection of new catheter position between the two groups (P=0.330). In terms of complications, there were 2 procedures of local hematoma in the non-incision removal group and 1 procedure of infection in the traditional incision removal group, and there was no severe complication in both groups. Conclusions There was no significant difference in the procedural success rate and complications between non-incision removal group and traditional incision removal group, and non-incision procedure may be superior in reducing the procedure duration and harm less to the patients. Non-incision procedure is a safe and effective method to remove TCC.

结节病是一种病因未明的多系统肉芽肿性疾病，最常累及肺部，30%的患者有肺外表现，常累及皮肤、眼、中枢神经系统和肾脏等。本文报道1例多系统受累结节病伴急性肾损伤的病例。患者为老年女性，临床表现为高钙血症、高钙尿症、肾功能不全、周围神经损害、多发淋巴结肿大和葡萄膜炎，肾脏病理提示非干酪样肉芽肿性间质性肾炎，经糖皮质激素治疗后症状缓解，肾功能改善。肾结节病在肾活检病例中罕见，该病例有助于提高临床医生对结节病肾损害的认识。

免疫检查点抑制剂（immune checkpoint inhibitors，ICIs）作为针对细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4（cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4，CTLA-4）和程序性死亡蛋白1（programmed death 1，PD-1）或其配体PD-L1研制的系列抗体，在肿瘤治疗中取得良好效果，但其在提高生存率的同时，也带来了一系列不良反应。对于肾脏而言，最常见的不良反应是急性间质性肾炎（acute interstitial nephritis，AIN）。本文将从发病机制、临床表现、诊断和防治这几个方面对ICIs所致肾脏不良反应进行综述，以期更好地认识和处理肾脏相关免疫不良反应，改善患者的预后。